answer:To create a Btrfs subvolume for the `/home/user1` directory, you can use the `btrfs subvolume create` command. Here's an example: ```bash sudo btrfs subvolume create /home/user1 ``` However, since the `/home/user1` directory already exists, you'll need to create the subvolume at a temporary location, move the contents of `/home/user1` to the subvolume, and then replace the original directory with the subvolume. Here's the correct steps: ```bash # Create a temporary subvolume sudo btrfs subvolume create /home/.user1 # Move the contents of /home/user1 to the new subvolume sudo mv /home/user1/* /home/.user1/ # Remove the original directory sudo rm -rf /home/user1 # Rename the subvolume to the original directory name sudo mv /home/.user1 /home/user1 ``` This will create a Btrfs subvolume for `/home/user1` without disrupting the existing files and directory structure. Note: If you want to verify that `/home/user1` is indeed a subvolume, you can use the following command: ```bash sudo btrfs subvolume list /home ``` This will list all subvolumes under the `/home` directory, including the newly created `/home/user1` subvolume.

answer:To create a read-only snapshot of the `/home/user1` subvolume, you'll need to create a new directory for storing snapshots and then use the `btrfs subvolume snapshot` command. Here's an example: ```bash # Create a directory for storing snapshots sudo mkdir /home/snapshots # Create a read-only snapshot of the /home/user1 subvolume sudo btrfs subvolume snapshot -r /home/user1 /home/snapshots/user1_backup ``` The `-r` option specifies that the snapshot should be read-only. The snapshot will be named `user1_backup` and will be stored in the `/home/snapshots` directory. Note that Btrfs snapshots are lightweight and don't consume additional disk space initially, as they only store the differences between the original subvolume and the snapshot. This makes them ideal for regular backups. To verify that the snapshot was created successfully, you can use the `btrfs subvolume list` command: ```bash sudo btrfs subvolume list /home ``` This will list all subvolumes under the `/home` directory, including the newly created snapshot. You can also use the `btrfs subvolume show` command to view more information about the snapshot: ```bash sudo btrfs subvolume show /home/snapshots/user1_backup ``` This will display information about the snapshot, including its name, path, and read-only status.

answer:To restore from the `user1_backup` snapshot, you'll need to delete or rename the existing `/home/user1` subvolume and then use the `mv` command to replace it with the snapshot. Here's an example: ```bash # Rename the existing /home/user1 subvolume sudo mv /home/user1 /home/user1_old # Move the snapshot to the original location sudo mv /home/snapshots/user1_backup /home/user1 ``` Alternatively, you can delete the existing `/home/user1` subvolume and then move the snapshot to the original location: ```bash # Delete the existing /home/user1 subvolume sudo btrfs subvolume delete /home/user1 # Move the snapshot to the original location sudo mv /home/snapshots/user1_backup /home/user1 ``` Note that deleting or renaming the existing subvolume will erase all changes made since the snapshot was created. Make sure to back up any important data that was modified after the snapshot was created. After restoring the snapshot, you may need to update the file system permissions and ownership to match the original settings. You can use the `chown` and `chmod` commands to set the correct ownership and permissions: ```bash # Set the correct ownership sudo chown -R user1:user1 /home/user1 # Set the correct permissions sudo chmod -R 0755 /home/user1 ``` Replace `user1` with the actual username and adjust the permissions as needed. It's also important to note that if you have any running applications or services that use files in the restored subvolume, you may need to restart them or reload their configurations to ensure they use the restored data.

answer:Mary had 6 roses in the vase initially. After adding more roses, there were 16 roses in total. To find out how many roses Mary cut from her garden, we subtract the initial number of roses from the total number of roses after adding the cut ones. So, 16 roses (total after adding) - 6 roses (initially in the vase) = 10 roses. Mary cut boxed{10} roses from her flower garden.